Vol. 9 No. 4A December 2004

Volume 9 (2004) pp 577-587
Title RESVERATROL PROTECTS AGAINST PEROXYNITRITE-INDUCED THIOL OXIDATION IN BLOOD PLATELETS
Authors Beata Olas, Paweł Nowak and Barbara Wachowicz
Abstract The peroxynitrite anion (ONOO·) is a reactive species produced in the reaction between the superoxide anion (O2··) and nitric oxide (·NO). ONOO· is involved in several pathological conditions such as inflammation, arteriosclerosis, and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders. Our earlier results showed that ONOO· inhibits different steps of blood platelet activation and causes the depletion of platelet thiols. In this study, we investigated the effects of resveratrol (3, 4', 5-trihydroxystilbene) and other antioxidants (uric acid and deferoxamine (DFO)) on the level of low molecular thiols such as glutathione, cysteine and cysteinylglycine (in reduced and oxidized form) in blood platelets treated with ONOO·. Our results showed that ONOO· (100 mM, 2 min) induces changes in these thiols (measured by HPLC method); these changes are diminished in the presence of resveratrol. Preincubation of human platelets with resveratrol at a concentration of 100 mM (30 min) has a protective effect against the oxidation of platelet thiols induced by ONOO· or its intermediate. The other tested antioxidants also have a protectory action. In conclusion, we suggest that the resveratrol present in the human diet may partially protect -SH groups from oxidation and may be responsible for redox regulation and control in platelets.
Address and Contact Information Department of General Biochemistry, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
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Volume 9 (2004) pp 589-602
Title VESICLES WITH A DOUBLE BILAYER
Authors Zygmunt H. Zawada
Abstract A modified reverse phase evaporation method was used to prepare intermediate unilamellar vesicles coated with an additional membrane, or large vesicles in which several vesicles were coated with a common membrane. In both kinds of vesicle, the outer and inner membranes are usually of different phospholipid composition. The preparation involves the formation of a double emulsion: vesicles in a buffer are emerged in a low-boiling point organic solution of phospholipids. Then the organic solvent is evaporated during the heating and mixing process. As result large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs), about 100 nm in diameter, were coated with an additional membrane from egg lecithin or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. The highest yield of the coating was about 50%. When DPPC was used for coating above the phase transition temperature Tm, the data suggested the formation of vesicles that were slightly larger than the starting LUVs. It might be concluded that many of these had a double bilayer. If the coating was done below Tm , the micrographs suggested the formation of structures resembling multi-vesicular vesicles. They looked like LUV clusters coated with a common membrane.
Address and Contact Information Department of Physical Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jagiellołska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Volume 9 (2004) pp 603-615
Title A SINGLE-STEP METHOD OF LIPOSOME PREPARATION
Authors Zygmunt H. Zawada
Abstract All the liposome preparation protocols, which involve drug encapsulation are multi-step processes, i.e. they consist of one or several steps of preparation and homogenization. The conditions of converting all lipids into vesicles smaller than 200 nm were determined by replacing ultrasonication with mechanical stirring of the buffer and solution of lipids in a low-boiling point organic solvent or solvents in a simple preparator. Preferably, the process should be carried out at a temperature higher than the temperature of the gel/fluid phase transition (Tm), and higher than the boiling point of the organic solvent(s) used to obtain the lipid solution. For many lipid membrane compositions, the products of preparation are as follows: a dominant fraction of unilamellar vesicles (vesicle of diameter smaller than 200 nm) and a fraction of much larger multivesicular or multilamellar vesicles, easily separated by simple centrifugation at 15000´g. If PEG-phosphatidylethanolamine or cholesteryl palmitate are additional membrane components, multivescular or multilamellar vescicles are virtually absent in the final product, of a single-step process and all the used lipids were quantitatively converted into vesicles smaller than 200 nm in diameter.
Address and Contact Information Department of Physical Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellołska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Volume 9 (2004) pp 617-634
Title A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF RECOMBINATION FREQUENCIES AND GENETIC DISTANCES
Authors Cesar Benito and Araceli Gallego
Abstract We have developed an alternative approach to the maximum likelihood method for calculating recombination values and linkage intensities. This new method is simpler than those in current use in that it obviates the need for formulae and tables. Maximum likelihood methods imply the use of iterative procedures over highly complicated estimation equations (at least second degree polynomials), whereas simplified methods use single-step procedures involving simple linear equations. The proposed method uses the frequencies of the distinguishable phenotypes that came from the union of at least one recombinant gamete with another gamete. We performed Monte-Carlo simulations for various combinations of genetic distance and offspring size. The recombination values obtained using the new method were compared with those derived by the maximum likelihood method on both simulated and experimental data. They were found to be nearly identical. The observed distribution of the recombination frequency values does not differ significantly from the Normal distribution, except for extreme values of the mean, as the Skewedness and kurtosis coefficients do not differ from zero. Our method has a similar accuracy to the maximum likelihood methods for recombination frequencies smaller than 25 cM and the difference does not increase greatly for greater frequencies.
Address and Contact Information Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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Volume 9 (2004) pp 635-641
Title THE MARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ACTIVITY OF THE ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM IN THE BLOOD OF ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH ESSENTIAL ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION
Authors Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska1, Jolanta Czuczejko2, Hanna Pawluk2, Tomasz Kornatowski3, Jadwiga Moty1, Leszek Szadujkis-Szadurski3, Karolina Szewczyk-Golec3 and Józef Kędziora2,4
Abstract We estimated the nitrate/nitrite, carbonyl groups, reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations and Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD-1), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (cGSH-Px) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities in the blood of 17 normotensive young subjects (mean age 39±7.0 years), 21 normotensive elderly subjects (mean age 82±8.2 years) and 38 patients with essential arterial hypertension (mean age 73±8.0 years). Our examinations showed that hypertension in the elderly is associated with greater than normal levels of protein and lipid oxidation, decreased nitric oxide concentration and an imbalance in antioxidant status (decreased GSH concentration and SOD-1 activity). The increased activity of GST compensated the decreased activity of cGSH-Px in the blood of hypertensive patients. Our study confirms that the degree of oxidative stress in elderly patients intensifies, especially if said patients have associated essential arterial hypertension.
Address and Contact Information 1Department and Clinic of Geriatrics, L. Rydygier Medical Academy of Bydgoszcz, Curie Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland,
2Department of Biochemistry, L. Rydygier Medical Academy of Bydgoszcz, Poland,
3Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, L. Rydygier Medical Academy of Bydgoszcz, Poland,
4Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical University of Łódź, Poland
*Corresponding author; tel: +48 (52) 5854021, fax: +48 (52) 5854921, e-mail: kasiakor@interia.pl
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Volume 9 (2004) pp 643-650
Title OXIDATIVE STRESS INDUCES IGF-I RECEPTOR SIGNALING DISTURBANCES IN CULTURED HUMAN DERMAL FIBROBLASTS. A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR COLLAGEN BIOSYNTHESIS INHIBITION
Authors Paweł Sienkiewicz, Maciej Pałka and Jerzy Pałka*
Abstract The effects of oxidative stress on collagen and DNA biosynthesis, b- galactosidase and prolidase activities, and the expression of prolidase, b1- integrin receptor, FAK, IGF-IR and MAP-kinases (ERK1, ERK2) were evaluated in human dermal fibroblasts. Subconfluent cells were subjected to repetitive stresses with 30mM t-BHP for 1 hour per day over the course of 5 days. It was found that oxidative stress induced the inhibition of collagen biosynthesis in these cells in a time-dependent manner. Exposure of the cells to 5 stresses contributed to a decrease in collagen and DNA biosynthesis to about 30% and 50% of the control values, respectively. Prolidase activity and expression were only suppressed in fibroblasts subjected to 1 and 3 stresses. In these cells prolidase activity was decreased by about 20%. As a result of 5 stresses, no further inhibition of prolidase activity occurred; however, expression of the enzyme was slightly increased, as demonstrated by Western blot analysis. It was found that these phenomena were neither related to the expression of b1-integrin receptor nor to that of FAK. However, the exposure of the cells to 3 and 5 stresses contributed to a distinct decrease in IGF-IR and MAP-kinases (ERK1, ERK2) expression, which is probably responsible for the collagen biosynthesis inhibition.
Address and Contact Information Department of Medicinal Chemistry Medical Academy of Białystok, ul. Kilinskiego 1, 15-230 Białystok, Poland
*Corresponding author; tel: +48 (85) 7485706. fax: +48 (85) 7485416, e-mail: pal@amb.edu.pl.
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Volume 9 (2004) pp 651-664
Title A CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ACTIVITIES OF IRON REGULATORY PROTEIN 1 IN VARIOUS FARM ANIMAL SPECIES
Authors Rafał R. Starzyński1, Mikołaj A. Gralak2, Ewa Smuda 1 and Paweł Lipiński1
Abstract Iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) post-transcriptionally regulates the expression of proteins involved in the iron metabolism of mammals. IRP1 is a bifunctional cytosolic protein which can exhibit aconitase activity or bind to iron responsive element (IREs) in the untranslated regions of specific mRNAs. The modulation of IRP1 activities and its consequence for intracellular iron homeostasis is best characterized in rodents and humans. Little is known about IRP1 in farm animals. In this study, we analyzed the two activities of IRP1 in the livers of four farm animal species (cattle, goat, pig and rabbit) and their relationship to hepatic iron content. We found an inverse correlation between spontaneous IRP1 IRE binding activity and non-haem iron content in the liver. Using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we showed differential mobility of IRE/IRP1 complexes formed with hepatic cytosolic extracts from various farm animal species. We discuss this observation in relation to a comparative analysis of mammalian IRP1 amino acid sequences.
Address and Contact Information 1Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland,
2Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University, Warszawa, Poland
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Volume 9 (2004) pp 665-673
Title TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF LIPID PEROXIDATION PRODUCT FORMATION AND ANTIOXIDANTS ACTIVITY IN ORAL CANCER PATIENTS
Authors Arul Albert Baskar, Shanmugam Manoharan, Thamilarasan Manivasagam and Perumal Subramanian*
Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the temporal patterns of (the formation of) thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the erythrocytes of ten healthy adult subjects and ten oral cancer patients of comparable age. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were assayed at 6-hour intervals using colorimetric methods. The Cosinorwin computer software program was used to analyse the characteristics of biochemical rhythms, such as acrophase, amplitude, and mesor (rhythms: acrophase, amplitude, mesor, etc.). There is a phase delay in erythrocyte thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels and enzymatic antioxidant activities in oral cancer patients as compared to healthy subjects. The desynchronisation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance production and enzymatic antioxidant rhythms reflected an alteration of circadian clock function in oral cancer patients and may require specific measures for chronotherapy.
Address and Contact Information Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar - 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
* Corresponding author; tel: 0091-04144-238343-extn: 212, fax: 0091-04144-238080, e-mail: psub@rediffmail.com
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Volume 9 (2004) pp 675-683
Title THE SENSITIVITY OF YEAST AND YEAST-LIKE CELLS TO NEW LYSOSOMOTROPIC AGENTS
Authors Anna Krasowska1, Lucyna Chmielewska1, Ryszard Adamski1, Jacek Łuczyłski2, Stanisław Witek2 and Karel Sigler3
Abstract The lysosomotropic action of the compounds DM-11 and DMAL-12s against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Candida albicans is species- and pH-dependent. At pH 6.0, DMAL-12s is less effective against S. cerevisiae and S. pombe but more effective against C. albicans than DM-11. At pH 8.0, DMAL-12s strongly inhibits the growth of S. cerevisiae but has only a marginal effect on the resistant C. albicans. S. pombe did not grow at pH 8.0. As shown by quinacrine accumulation, DM-11 causes a general intracellular acidification in all three species, while with DMAL-12s, the acidification is marginal. Morphological changes caused by DMAL-12s in S. cerevisiae affect the cell interior but not surface structures, while S. pombe cells exhibit a thickened and wrinkled cell wall, shrunken protoplast and “grainy” plasma membrane. A large number of blisters resembling lipid droplets were observed inside S. cerevisiae and S. pombe vacuoles. The high susceptibility of S. pombe cells to the action of DM-11 and DMAL-12s contrasts with the low sensitivity of S. pombe H+-ATPase to the agents. In our C. albicans isolate, DMAL 12s did not have an effect on cell morphology and appeared to be unable to penetrate the cells, especially at pH 8.0.
Address and Contact Information 1Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Wrocław University, Przybyszewskiego 63-77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland,
2Dept. of Chemistry, Technical University of Wrocław, Wyb. Wyspiałskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland,
3Institute of Microbiology, Acad. Sci. Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
* Corresponding author: e-mail: aniak@microb.uni.wroc.pl
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Volume 9 (2004) pp 685-697
Title GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS IN VALENCIA PEANUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS
Authors Girish Kumar Krishna1, Jinfa Zhang2, Mark Burow3, Roy N. Pittman4, Stanko G. Delikostadinov4, Yingzhi Lu1 and Naveen Puppala1,5
Abstract Cultivated peanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) is an important source of oil and protein. Considerable variation has been recorded for morphological, physiological and agronomic traits, whereas few molecular variations have been recorded for this crop. The identification and understanding of molecular genetic diversity in cultivated peanut types will help in effective genetic conservation along with efficient breeding programs in this crop. The New Mexico breeding program has embarked upon a program of improvement of Valencia peanut (belonging to the sub species fastigiata), because efforts to improve the yield potential are lacking due to lack of identified divergent exotic types. For the first time, this study has shown molecular diversity using microsatellite markers in the cultivated Valencia peanut (sub spp. fastigiata) from around the globe. In this investigation, 48 cultivated Valencia peanut genotypes have been selected and analyzed using 18 fluorescently labeled SSR (f-SSR) primer pairs. These primer pairs amplified 120 polymorphic loci among the genotypes screened and amplified from 3 to 19 alleles with an average of 6.9 allele per primer pair. The f-SSR marker data was further analyzed using cluster algorithms and principal component analysis. The results indicated that (1) considerable genetic variations were discovered among the analyzed genotypes; (2) The f-SSR based clustering could identify the putative pedigree types of the present Valencia types of diverse origins, and (3) The f-SSR in general is sufficient to obtain estimates of genetic divergence for the material in study. The results are being utilized in our breeding program for parental selection and linkage map construction.
Address and Contact Information 1New Mexico State University, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Las Cruces, NM 88003, U.S.A,
2Texas A&M Research Center, Lubbock, TX,
3USDA-ARS, Griffin, GA,
4Institute for Plant Genetic Resources, Sadovo - Bulgaria, 5Agricultural Science Center at Clovis, NM 88101, U.S.A. * Corresponding author: e-mail: npuppala@nmsu.edu
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Volume 9 (2004) pp 699-707
Title ENHANCED LIPID PEROXIDATION AND IMPAIRED ENZYMIC ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES IN THE ERYTHROCYTES OF PATIENTS WITH CERVICAL CARCINOMA
Authors Shanmugam Manoharan1*, Kaliyaperumal Kolanjiappan1 and Muthukumar Kayalvizhi2
Abstract This study examined the relationship between oxidative stress and enzymic antioxidant status in the erythrocytes of thirty-two adult cervical cancer patients and an equal number of age-matched cervicitis patients and healthy subjects. Lipid peroxidation was significantly increased, while the activities of enzymic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were decreased in the erythrocytes of cervical cancer patients as compared to healthy subjects and cervicitis patients. Thus, this study has demonstrated elevated lipid peroxidation and impaired enzymic antioxidant activities in the erythrocytes of cervical cancer patients.
Address and Contact Information 1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar - 608 002, India,
2Department of Biochemistry, Ponnaiyah Ramajayam College, Thanjavur, India
* Corresponding author; tel: + 91-4144-238343 (off.), + 91-4144-249355 (res.), fax : + 91-4144-238145, e-mail: manshisak@yahoo.com
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Volume 9 (2004) pp 709-721
Title GREEN TEA MODULATION OF THE BIOCHEMICAL AND ELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF RAT LIVER CELLS THAT WERE AFFECTED BY ETHANOL AND AGING
Authors Izabela Dobrzyńska1, Anna Śnieciłska2, Elżbieta Skrzydlewska2* and Zbigniew Figaszewski1,3
Abstract The oxidative stress induced by chronic ethanol consumption, particularly in concert with the aging process, has been implicated in changes in the structure and functions of liver cell components including membrane phospholipids. To counteract such changes, particularly those resulting from lipid peroxidation, antioxidants may be applied. Green tea contains large amounts of polyphenols, mainly catechins, which possess antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to estimate the efficacy of green tea's influence on the physicochemical and biochemical properties of the rat liver as affected by the aging process and/or chronic ethanol intoxication. Several methods were used to evaluate this effect. Antioxidant properties were evaluated by vitamin E and antioxidant status determination. The liver trigliceride and cholesterol levels were also estimated. The extent of lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring the level of lipid peroxidation products as thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS). The surface charge density of the rat liver cells was measured using electrophoresis. The concentration of the marker enzymes of liver damage (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) in the blood serum was also evaluated. Relative to the controls, aging was found to cause a decrease in the liver's antioxidant abilities and provoke an increase in the level of lipid peroxidation; it also increased the surface charge density of the rat liver cell membrane. Ethanol significantly aggravated these changes. This might have resulted in the liver cell membrane damage visible as a leak of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase into the blood. The ingestion of green tea with ethanol partially prevented these aging and/or ethanol-induced changes. Long-term drinking of green tea partially prevents the changes in the structure and function of the cell membrane caused by chronic ethanol intoxication.
Address and Contact Information 1Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Al. Piłsudskiego 11/4, 15-443 Białystok,
2Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical Academy of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2, 15-230 Białystok,
3Laboratory of Interfacial Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Poland
* Corresponding autor; tel. (fax): +48-857485707, e-mail: skrzydle@amb.edu.pl
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Volume 9 (2004) pp 723-737
Title TALIN DISTRIBUTION DURING THE DIFFERENTIATION OF SATELLITE CELLS ISOLATED FROM RAT SKELETAL MUSCLE
Authors Edyta Brzóska, Edyta Wróbel, Iwona Grabowska and Jerzy Moraczewski
Abstract Satellite cells (myogenic stem cells) dissociated from adult muscle tissue proliferate, fuse and form multinucleate myotubes when placed in culture. This study focused on the role of talin distribution during the differentiation of satellite cells. Talin plays a key role in anchoring actin filaments to integrins as well as to the plasma membrane in focal contacts. We demonstrated that there is a colocalization of talin and phosphoserine residues during the differentiation of satellite cells, and that it changes after TPA (a protein kinase C activator) treatment, and showed that talin existing in the cell-extracellular matrix and cell-cell contact area was not phosphorylated. In the presence of TPA (24 and 48 h exposure) the level of colocalization of both talin and phosphoserine residues was the same in the treated cells and in the control cells, but the level of talin phosphorylation was higher in the treated cells. We found that in myotubes from TPA treated cultures (144 h exposure to TPA), talin had localized near the cell membrane in the absence of phosphoserine residues, and that the level of talin phosphorylation was lower than in the control cells. We also demonstrated that the expression of talin during satellite cell differentiation was constant in both the control and TPAtreated cells.
Address and Contact Information Department of Cytology, Faculty of Biology, Warsaw University, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland
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Volume 9 (2004) pp 739-753
Title MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION OF THE SAND PROTEIN FAMILY: A STUDY BASED ON COMPARATIVE GENOMICS, STRUCTURAL BIOINFORMATICS AND PHYLOGENY
Authors Amanda Cottage1, Lisa Mullan1, Miriam B.D. Portela1, Elizabeth Hellen1, Tim Carver1, Sunil Patel2, Tanya Vavouri1, Greg Elgar1 and Yvonne J.K. Edwards1*
Abstract The activities of vertebrate lysosomes are critical to many essential cellular processes. The yeast vacuole is analogous to the mammalian lysosome and is used as a tool to gain insights into vesicle mediated vacuolar/lysosome transport. The protein SAND, which does not contain a SAND domain (PFAM accession number PF01342), has recently been shown to function at the tethering/docking stage of vacuole fusion as a critical component of the vacuole SNARE complex. In this publication we have identified SAND in diverse eukaryotes, from single celled organisms such as the yeasts to complex multicellular chordates such as mammals. We have demonstrated subfamily divisions in the SAND proteins and show that in vertebrates, a duplication event gave rise to two SAND sequences. This duplication appears to have occurred during early vertebrate evolution and conceivably with the evolution of lysosomes. Using bioinformatics we predict a secondary structure, solvent accessibility profile and protein fold for the SAND proteins and determine conserved sequence motifs, present in all SAND proteins and those that are specific to subsets. A comprehensive evaluation of yeast and human functional studies in conjunction with our in silico analysis has identified potential roles for some of these motifs.
Address and Contact Information 11MRC Rosalind Franklin Centre for Genomic Research, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SB, UK,
2Accelrys Inc., 334 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WN, UK
* Corresponding author; e-mail: yjedward@rfcgr.mrc.ac.uk
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Volume 9 (2004) pp 755-763
Title THE AMINOESTERS AS INHIBITORS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE H+-ATPase IN THE YEAST Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors Ewa Obłąk1, Tadeusz M. Lachowicz1, Jacek Łuczyński2 and Stanisław Witek2
Abstract A set of oxalates of a-dimethylamino fatty acids n-alkyl esters (MEM-ns and n-MEM-8s) and n-dodecyl-N,N-dimethylalaninate (DMAL-12s) were synthesized. Their activities on the growth, transport, and ATPases from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were compared. The compounds differ in the number of carbon atoms in their aliphatic chain and in the position of that chain in their molecular structure. The tested aminoesters with twelve carbon atoms (MEM-10s and DMAL-12s) appeared to have the highest level of activity. These drugs inhibited plasma membrane H+-ATPase, but no inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase was observed. Under nitrogen-derepressed conditions, the aminoesters inhibited amino acid uptake by yeast cells.
Address and Contact Information 1Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 65/73, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland,
2Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
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Volume 9 (2004) pp 765-777
MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES: TOWARDS A HEALTHIER WORLD
Suplement 2: Late Abstracts
Abstracts List DETECTION OF BOVINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS PROVIRAL DNA IN YAROSLAVSL, MONGOLIAN AND BLACK PIED CATTLE BY PCR
M. Reza Mohammadabadi, Gadji Omarovich Shaikhaev, Galina Efimovna Sulimova, Obydur Rahman and M. Reza Mozafari - p766

DISTRIBUTION OF DIVALENT ZINC AND COPPER IONS IN THE RAT BRAIN SYNAPTOSOMES: INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM DEFICIENCY AND DEPOLARISATION
Seyyed Moazam Mortazavi, Mohsen Ani, Manochehr Mesri Pour and M. Reza Mozafari - p769

POSTNATAL HYDROCEPHALIC CSF PROMOTES DIFFERENTIATION OF CORTICAL PROGENITOR CELLS
Mohammad Nabiyouni and Jaleel Miyan - p772

AN ANALYSIS OF INJURY RISK IN THE MANCHESTER UNITED TEAM WHEN PLAYING AT HOME AND AWAY
Nader Rahnama, Thomas Reilly and Adrian Lees - p773

PATTERN OF EXPRESSION OF THE EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR 4E (EIF4E) IN SKIN CANCER
Zivar Salehiand Farhad Mashayekhi - p776

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